Книги. Художественная литература. Учебники и пособия.

Peter M. Kappeler

Book DescriptionCooperative behavior has been one of the enigmas of evolutionary theory since the days of Charles Darwin. The contributions to this book examine the many facets of cooperative behavior in primates and humans as some of the world’s leading experts review and summarize the state of the art of theoretical and empirical studies of cooperation. This book is thus the first to bridge the gap between parallel research in primatology and studies of humans. Comparative as this approach is, ithighlights both common principles and aspects of human uniqueness with respect to cooperative behavior.

In the past decade, molecular biology has been transformed from the art of cloning a single gene to a statistical science measuring and calculating properties of entire genomes. New high-throughput methods have been developed for genome sequencing and studying the cell at different systematic levels such as transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and other -omes. At the heart of most high-throughput methods is the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR Primer Design focuses on primer design, which is critical to both the efficiency and the accuracy of the PCR. With intricate descriptions of basic approaches as well as specialized methods, this volume is an exceptional reference for all those involved in studying the genome. In PCR Primer Design, authors describe basic approaches for PCR primer design in addition to specialized methods. These state-of-the-art methods can be used for both genome-scale experiments and for small-scale individual PCR amplifications....

W. L. N. Tickell

This authoritative volume is the first comparative account of the albatross family, famed for their supreme adaptations to the marine environment, for breeding on remote islands, and for spending most of their lives flying immense distances over the sea. The book includes maps, tables, diagrams, and color photographs to accompany full descriptions of the various forms of albatrosses and their distribution, behavior, and ecology.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacteria closely related to Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella cause disease in primates, but not in other mammals. It is only naturally found in humans and apes. During infection, it typically causes dysentery. Group A?C are physiologically similar; S. sonnei (group D) can be differentiated on the basis of biochemical metabolism assays. Three Shigella groups are the major disease-causing species: S. flexneri is the most frequently isolated species worldwide and accounts for 60% of cases in the developing world; S. sonnei causes 77% of cases in the developed world, compared to only 15% of cases in the developing world; and S. dysenteriae is usually the cause of epidemics of dysentery, particularly in confined populations such as refugee camps.

Paul Crumbley

Book DescriptionA stellar group of writers, scientists, and educators illuminate the intersections between environmental science, creative writing, and education, considering ways to strengthen communication between differing fields with common interests. The contributing authors include Ken Brewer, Dan Flores, Hartmut Grassl, Carolyn Tanner Irish, Ted Kerasote, William Kittredge, Ellen Meloy, Louis Owens, Jennifer Price, Robert Michael Pyle, Kent C. Ryden, Annick Smith, Craig B. Stanford, Susan J. Tweit, and Keith Wilson.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In nutrition, proteins are broken down in the stomach during digestion by enzymes known as proteases into smaller polypeptides to provide amino acids for the organism, including the essential amino acids that the organism cannot biosynthesize itself. Aside from their role in protein synthesis, amino acids are also important nutritional sources of nitrogen. Proteins contain 16.8 kilojoules (4 kilocalories) per gram as opposed to lipids which contain 37.8 kilojoules (9 kilocalories) and alcohols which contain 29.4 kilojoules (7 kilocalories). These numbers are averages, as each protein is slightly different (range roughly 3.5-4.5). The liver, and to a much lesser extent the kidneys, can convert amino acids used by cells in protein biosynthesis into glucose by a process known as gluconeogenesis. The amino acids leucine and lysine are exceptions.

Novartis Foundation

Cl – absorption and HCO 3 – secretion are intimately associated processes vital to epithelial function, itself a key physiological activity. Until recently the transporters responsible remained obscure, but a breakthrough occurred with the discovery of the SLC26 transporters family. It is now clear that the SLC26 transporters have broad physiological functions since mutations in several members are linked to a variety of diseases. This book describes the properties of this family in detail, with contributions from the leading global researchers in the field. Complementary views from experts on other ion channels are offered in the discussions, which make fascinating reading. This family consists of at least 10 genes, each of which has several splice variants. Most members of the family are expressed in the luminal membrane of epithelial cells. Characterization of anion transport by three members has revealed that all function as Cl – ...

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in different not closely related species (that is in species of a different clade), but descending from the same ancestor. For a particular trait, proceeding in each of two lineages from a specified ancestor to a later descendant, parallel and convergent evolutionary trends can be strictly defined and clearly distinguished from one another.[2] When both descendants are similar in a particular respect, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors considered were also similar, and convergent if they were not.

James Frankham

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus, is a medium-sized grouse occurring in forests from the Appalachian Mountains across Canada to Alaska. It is non-migratory. The Ruffed Grouse is frequently referred to as the "partridge". This is technically wrong - partridges are unrelated phasianids, and in hunting may lead to confusion with the Grey Partridge. That species was introduced to North America from Europe; it is a bird of woodlands, not open areas. The Ruffed Grouse is also sometimes called a "grinch" in parts of rural Kentucky and Ohio, likely due to its spectral quality in the woods.