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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Quorum sensing is a type of decision-making process used by decentralized groups to coordinate behavior. Many species of bacteria use quorum sensing to coordinate their gene expression according to the local density of their population. Similarly, some social insects use quorum sensing to make collective decisions about where to nest. In addition to its function in biological systems, quorum sensing has several useful applications for computing and robotics. Quorum sensing can function as a decision-making process in any decentralized system, as long as individual components have (a) a means of assessing the number of other components they interact with and (b) a standard response once a threshold number of components is detected.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The related terms resource extraction and resource extraction industry both refer to the practice of locating, acquiring and selling any resource, but typically a natural resource. Throughout most of the world it is an international and capitalist operation, with the sources for the material being extracted being far away from the possible markets. Thus resources are often exploited in phases with regular periods of inactivity, as methods of resource extraction advance, the commodity becomes more valuable, or in the special case in which the resource is renewable. This secondary extraction may take the form of a further exploitation of a previously unaccessible source (such as modern mining techniques that are allowing access to heavily faulted seams) or a reprocessing of previously discarded material such as mine tailings. This phased exploitation is often criticized for the effect it has on the workforce in the surrounding area,...

Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers

Known for its thorough coverage of diversity, ecology, and environmental issues, this comprehensive book engages readers with integrated, relevant case studies and challenges them with thought-provoking questions throughout each chapter. The fully revised Biology: Life on Earth, Ninth Edition, has the same friendly writing style appreciated by thousands of readers, but with greater emphasis on engaging, real-world applications. New to this edition are “Case Study Continued”sections, which connect a chapter’s case study to relevant biological topics covered in the chapter, and “Have you ever wondered?” features that respond to commonly asked questions from students. Thoroughly revised illustrations and expanded critical thinking questions have been added to each chapter and are supplemented by the powerful new MasteringBiology® program that helps students make effective use of their study time outside of the classroom. For coverage of plant and animal anatomy &...

G. Philip Rightmire

This book provides a wealth of information about individual crania, jaws and postcranial remains of Homo erectus and will serve as an important guide to the anatomy. It also documents the history of this extinct human species and suggests a route whereby Homo erectus may have given rise to people more like Homo sapiens.

JF Liebman

Advances in Boron and the Boranes Edited by Joel F. Liebman Arthur Greenberg Robert E. Williams This volume, coedited with R. E. Williams of the Loker Research Institute of the University of Southern California, is a collection of interwoven essays in homage to Professor Anton B. Burg, a pioneer of modern inorganic chemistry. The book inseparably overlaps inorganic, organic, and organometallic chemistry; applications to homogeneous catalysis and drug design complement models more of interest to physical and theoretical chemists. Two Nobel laureates, Professors Lipscomb and Pauling, have contributed essays to the volume.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Proteolysis is the directed degradation (digestion) of proteins by cellular enzymes called proteases or by intramolecular digestion. Proteins (also known as polypeptides) are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush or just Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. It breeds in southern Europe across central Asia to northern China. This species is strongly migratory, all populations wintering in Africa south of the Sahara. It is an uncommon visitor to northern Europe. Its range has contracted somewhat at the periphery in recent decades due to habitat destruction. For example, in the early 20th century it bred in the Jura Krakowsko-Cz?stochowska (Poland) where none occur today, but it is not considered globally endangered.

M. G. Harasewych, Fabio Moretzsohn

Who among us hasn’t marveled at the diversity and beauty of shells? Or picked one up, held it to our ear, and then gazed in wonder at its shape and hue? Many a lifelong shell collector has cut teeth (and toes) on the beaches of the Jersey Shore, the Outer Banks, or the coasts of Sanibel Island. Some have even dived to the depths of the ocean. But most of us are not familiar with the biological origin of shells, their role in explaining evolutionary history, and the incredible variety of forms in which they come. Shells are the external skeletons of mollusks, an ancient and diverse phylum of invertebrates that are in the earliest fossil record of multicellular life over 500 million years ago. There are over 100,000 kinds of recorded mollusks, and some estimate that there are over a million more that have yet to be discovered. Some breathe air, others live in fresh water, but most live in the ocean. They range in size from a grain of sand to a beach ball and in weight from a...

A Meister

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. In DNA and RNA, these bases form hydrogen bonds with their complementary purines. Thus the purines adenine (A) and guanine (G) pair up with the pyrimidines thymine (T) and cytosine (C), respectively. In RNA, the complement of A is U instead of T and the pairs that form are adenine:uracil and guanine:cytosine.