Книги. Художественная литература. Учебники и пособия.

Colin Bruce

For the better part of a century, attempts to explain what was really going on in the quantum world seemed doomed to failure. But recent technological advances have made the question both practical and urgent. A brilliantly imaginative group of physicists at Oxford University have risen to the challenge. This is their story. At long last, there is a sensible way to think about quantum mechanics. The new view abolishes the need to believe in randomness, long-range spooky forces, or conscious observers with mysterious powers to collapse cats into a state of life or death. But the new understanding comes at a price: we must accept that we live in a multiverse wherein countless versions of reality unfold side-by-side. The philosophical and personal consequences of this are awe-inspiring. The new interpretation has allowed imaginative physicists to conceive of wonderful new technologies: measuring devices that effectively share information between worlds and computers that can borrow the...

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Although in restricted contexts one may find this symmetry, the observable universe itself does not show symmetry under time reversal, primarily due to the second law of thermodynamics. Time asymmetries are generally distinguished as either those which are intrinsic to the dynamic laws of nature, and those that are due to the initial conditions of our universe. The T-asymmetry of the weak force is of the first kind, while the T-asymmetry of the second law of thermodynamics is of the second kind. Physicists also discuss the time-reversal invariance of local and/or macroscopic descriptions of physical systems, independent of the invariance of the underlying microscopic physical laws. For example, Maxwell's equations with material absorption or Newtonian mechanics with friction are not time-reversal invariant at the macroscopic level where they are normally applied, even if they are invariant at the microscopic level when one includes the...

Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, Cecile Dewitt-Morette

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Andrey Osipov, Sergei Tretyakov

Besides classical applications (radar and stealth, antennas, microwave engineering), scattering and diffraction are enabling phenomena for some emerging research fields (artificial electromagnetic materials or metamaterials, terahertz technologies, electromagnetic aspects of nano-science). This book is a tutorial for advanced students who need to study diffraction theory. The textbook gives fundamental knowledge about scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic waves and provides some working examples of solutions for practical high-frequency scattering and diffraction problems. The book focuses on the most important diffraction effects and mechanisms influencing the scattering process and describes efficient and physically justified simulation methods a?? physical optics (PO) and the physical theory of diffraction (PTD) a?? applicable in typical remote sensing scenarios. The material is presented in a comprehensible and logical form, which relates the presented...

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In physics, the principle of least action or more accurately principle of stationary action is a variational principle which, when applied to the action of a mechanical system, can be used to obtain the equations of motion for that system. The principle led to the development of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of classical mechanics. The principle remains central in modern physics and mathematics, being applied in the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and a focus of modern mathematical investigation in Morse theory. This article deals primarily with the historical development of the idea; a treatment of the mathematical description and derivation can be found in the article on the action. The chief examples of the principle of stationary action are Maupertuis' principle and Hamilton's principle.

Serge Luryi

A lively and thought–provoking look at the future of microelectronics Nanotechnology has been named by the U.S. government as one of the most important areas of impending technology. It is a common view among leading professionals in microelectronics that current explosive developments in the field will likely lead to profound paradigm shifts in the near future. Identifying plausible scenarios for the forthcoming evolution of microelectronics presents a tremendous opportunity for constructive action today, especially since our economy and, indeed, our civilization seem destined to be irrevocably shaped by this technology. Based on ideas and discussions arising from the third meeting in the Future Trends in Microelectronics (FTM) workshop series, held in the summer of 2001, this timely and intriguing contributed volume provides a unique forum for today’s leading experts in the semiconductor microelectronics field to discuss the future evolution of their profession....

Bernard Pajot

Semiconducting and Insulating Crystals details how absorption spectroscopy provides information on the nature, concentration, charge state and configuration of impurities in crystals and also on their kinetics and transformations under annealing. After an introduction of the bulk optical properties of semiconductors and insulators and of impurities in crystals, this book presents the physical bases necessary for the understanding of impurity spectra. The description of various set-ups and accessories used in absorption spectroscopy is followed by a presentation of experimental results on specific impurities and classes of impurities and their relation with those obtained by various computation and by other experimental techniques.

Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs when a system that is symmetric with respect to some symmetry group goes into a vacuum state that is not symmetric. When that happens, the system no longer appears to behave in a symmetric manner. It is a phenomenon that naturally occurs in many situations. The symmetry group can be discrete, such as the space group of a crystal, or continuous, such as the rotational symmetry of space. However if the system contains only a single spatial dimension then only discrete symmetries may be broken in a vacuum state of the full quantum theory, although a classical solution may break a continuous symmetry.

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of one or more genes by decreasing the rate of transcription. This blocking of expression is called repression. Repressor proteins are coded for by regulator genes. Repressor proteins then attach to a DNA segment known as the operator. By binding to the operator, the repressor protein prevents the RNA polymerase from creating messenger RNA. If an inducer, a molecule that initiates the gene expression, is present, then it can interact with the repressor protein and detach it from the operator. RNA polymerase then can transcribe the message (expressing the gene). A corepressor is a molecule that can bind to repressor and make it bind to the operator tightly, which decreases transcription. A repressor that binds with a corepressor is termed an aporepressor or inactive repressor. One type of aporepressor is the trp repressor, an important metabolic protein in bacteria.